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Reviewed · Published

Vitamin A

A fat-soluble vitamin required for vision, immunity, and epithelial differentiation.

Established functions

  • A fat-soluble vitamin required for vision, immunity, and epithelial differentiation.

Dietary sources

  • liver
  • eggs
  • carrots

Claims and evidence

Unsupported

Claims that Vitamin A alone prevents or treats disease, or invariably improves health without deficiency, are unsupported.

Japanese reference amounts

  • Japanese adults (age and sex as specified): Adult men 850–900 µg RAE/day; women 650–700 µg RAE/day (RDA)

Amounts studied

  • Retinol replacement in deficient patients; dose and duration are clinician-directed

Tolerable upper limits

  • Adults: 2,700 µg RAE/day (excludes provitamin A)

Forms and bioavailability

Supplement forms: retinyl palmitate, beta-carotene

  • Absorption improves with dietary fat; beta-carotene conversion varies.

Safety and interactions

Adverse effects

  • headache
  • dry skin
  • liver injury
  • teratogenicity

Medicine and nutrient interactions

  • retinoids, orlistat, duplicate vitamin A

Contraindications and cautions

  • Avoid high-dose retinol in pregnancy and high-dose beta-carotene in smokers.

Practical selection

  • Compare Vitamin A amount per serving, form, allergens, and batch testing; prefer a single-ingredient product suited to the intended use.

Sources and review

Daiki Minaki (editorial and evidence review) ·

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